In the fifteenth year of the Wanli era (1587), China was in the midst of the Ming dynasty, a period marked by vibrant cultural and intellectual activity. Literary theory, in particular, flourished during this time, reflecting the intellectual ferment of the era. This article delves into the literary theories prevalent during the fifteenth year of the Wanli era, examining their significance and enduring impact.

The Wanli era, spanning from 1573 to 1620, was characterized by political stability and economic prosperity in China. This period witnessed the consolidation of Ming rule and the flourishing of arts and literature. Scholars and intellectuals engaged in lively debates and discussions, contributing to the rich tapestry of Chinese intellectual history.

During the fifteenth year of the Wanli era, several prominent literary theories emerged, reflecting the diverse range of intellectual currents prevailing at the time.

1. Classical Heritage and Continuity

One prevailing literary theory emphasized the importance of the classical literary heritage, particularly the Confucian classics, in shaping literary expression. Scholars argued for the continuity of literary traditions, advocating for the study and emulation of ancient masterpieces. This emphasis on classical inheritance aimed to uphold moral values and cultural authenticity in literature.

2. Vernacular Literature and Accessibility

In contrast to the classical emphasis, another significant literary theory championed the use of vernacular language in literature. Advocates of vernacular literature argued for the accessibility of literary works to a wider audience, breaking away from the elitist tradition of classical Chinese. This movement contributed to the democratization of literature and the enrichment of cultural diversity.

3. Gong'an Fiction and Popular Narratives

The fifteenth year of the Wanli era also witnessed the popularity of gong'an fiction, a genre of Chinese crime fiction characterized by intricate plots and moral themes. Gong'an fiction, originating from the Song dynasty, gained renewed interest during the Ming dynasty, reflecting contemporary concerns about justice, morality, and governance. These narratives captivated readers with their suspenseful storytelling and moral dilemmas.

The literary theories proposed during the fifteenth year of the Wanli era left a lasting legacy, shaping subsequent developments in Chinese literature and culture. The emphasis on classical heritage and vernacular expression, as well as the popularity of gong'an fiction, continued to influence literary trends in later periods.

1. MingQing Transition

As the Ming dynasty gave way to the Qing dynasty, literary theories underwent further evolution, adapting to the changing political and social landscape. Scholars navigated the transition by reinterpreting classical texts and exploring new forms of expression, laying the groundwork for literary developments in the Qing dynasty.

2. Qing Dynasty and Beyond

In the Qing dynasty and beyond, literary theorists grappled with issues of cultural identity, modernization, and globalization. The tension between tradition and innovation persisted, as scholars sought to reconcile the rich literary heritage of China with the challenges of a rapidly changing world.

The fifteenth year of the Wanli era (1587) was a vibrant period in Chinese literary history, marked by diverse intellectual currents and lively debates. The literary theories proposed during this time reflected the dynamic interplay between tradition and innovation, shaping the course of Chinese literature for centuries to come. As we reflect on this rich legacy, we gain a deeper appreciation for the enduring vitality of Chinese literary tradition.